Regarding the hygienic aspects of the production and use of animal wastes, further research on the following aspects is essential: pathogenic agents present in residues of animal production in the context of transmissible multifactorial diseases and the epidemiology of pathogens under different ecological conditions; recycling of toxic agents, e.g., copper, selenium and iodine, in animal …
Food can become contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms at all stages of manufacture and processing. However, there is a recognized potential for the on-farm transfer of pathogens to food during primary production. Livestock infected with zoonotic agents can excrete pathogens into their feces, and animal wastes have been implicated as a source of infection in a …
Exposure to ammonia gas can cause damage to the skin, eyes and respiratory tract, varying in severity from mild irritation to severe burns and even death. The amount of injury that can occur depends on the amount of exposure to the gas and the concentration of the ammonia levels. What makes ammonia so harmful is …
The informal term “factory farming” refers to any intensive commercial form of agriculture that employs extreme growing techniques (usually with heavy use of agrichemicals and veterinary drugs) to produce the greatest output in the least space, and at the lowest unit cost. Although the term occasionally refers also to intensive crop monocultures, for the purpose …
The most common mechanism by which ammonia gas causes damage occurs when anhydrous ammonia (liquid or gas) reacts with tissue water to form the strongly alkaline solution, ammonium hydroxide. NH3 + H2 O ⇒ NH4 OH This reaction is exothermic and capable of causing significant thermal injury. Ammonium hydroxide can cause severe alkaline chemical burns …